In California, growers have used a method of cultivation called dry-farming, especially with Early Girl tomatoes. [citation needed], After an insect attack tomato plants produce systemin, a plant peptide hormone . RHS Plant Finder 2020. The family Solanaceae contains such important food species as the potato (Solanum tuberosum), the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the pepper (Capsicum annuum) and the aubergine or egg plant (Solanum melongena). cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, G.J. Tomatoes have been designated the state vegetable of New Jersey. [83], Storing stem down can prolong shelf life,[84] as it may keep from rotting too quickly. Female P. operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf. Compared to potatoes, the amount of solanine in unripe green or fully ripe tomatoes is low. [34], The recorded history of tomatoes in Italy dates back to at least 31 October 1548, when the house steward of Cosimo de' Medici, the grand duke of Tuscany, wrote to the Medici private secretary informing him that the basket of tomatoes sent from the grand duke's Florentine estate at Torre del Gallo "had arrived safely". While they need decent nutrition, too much fertilizer– especially nitrogen– can lead to extensive leafy growth with little fruit production. A double-edged sword? Among the most famous pairings is the tomato plant and carrots; studies supporting this relationship have produced a popular book about companion planting, Carrots Love Tomatoes. Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is an important fruit crop in the Americas, southern Europe, the Middle East, and India, with increasing production in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. [96], The Potato Tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as tomato plants. 1: 185 1753 . Pollination and fruit formation depend on meiosis. For example, Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio is the "hanging tomato of Vesuvius" or the Pomodoro di Pachino and Pomodorino di Manduria. Determinate types are annual in all climates. Several species of umbellifer are therefore often grown with tomato plants, including parsley, Queen Anne's lace, and occasionally dill. Tomatoes are usually red in color, but this may not always be the case – particularly with heirloom varieties. [62], Borage is thought to repel the tomato hornworm moth. The U.S. Supreme Court settled this controversy on May 10, 1893, by declaring that the tomato is a vegetable, based on the popular definition that classifies vegetables by use—they are generally served with dinner and not dessert (Nix v. Hedden (149 U.S. 304)). [44], Because of the long growing season needed for this heat-loving crop, several states in the US Sun Belt became major tomato-producers, particularly Florida and California. The tomato originated in the Andean region of South America, was grown by Aztecs in Mesoamerica, and spread to Europe by early Spanish explorers. This type of tomato is grown commercially near plants that process and can tomatoes, tomato sauce, and tomato paste. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovanvettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty", and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. See "Status", "Confidence level", "Source" for definitions. ", "From the Great Ketchup Wars to combating human trafficking: the silly and the serious private members' bills of 2016", "Genetically modified food from crops: progress, pawns, and possibilities", "The Chemical Interactions Underlying Tomato Flavor Preferences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomato&oldid=998338338, Crops originating from indigenous Americans, Articles with self-published sources from February 2010, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2010, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles needing additional references from January 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles needing additional references from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles containing Bengali-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2010, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 23:02. [citation needed], Their flowers, appearing on the apical meristem, have the anthers fused along the edges, forming a column surrounding the pistil's style. [28] They also contain small amounts of solanine, a toxic alkaloid found in potato leaves and other plants in the nightshade family. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center at UC Davis is a gene bank of wild relatives, monogenic mutants and miscellaneous genetic stocks of tomato. Larger fruits like beefsteak tomatoes are harder to produce in NC for this reason. They are also used in gazpacho (Spanish cuisine) and pa amb tomàquet (Catalan cuisine). [29]:17 Nonetheless, he believed it was poisonous[29]:17 (in fact, the plant and raw fruit do have low levels of tomatine, but are not generally dangerous; see below). Besides cosmetic damage, the splits may allow decay to start, although growing fruits have some ability to heal after a split. Some common tomato pests are stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms and tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, slugs,[57] and Colorado potato beetles. [78], As of 2008, the heaviest tomato harvested, weighed 3.51 kg (7 lb 12 oz), was of the cultivar "Delicious", and was grown by Gordon Graham of Edmond, Oklahoma in 1986. 1913. The complete genome for the cultivar Heinz 1706 was published on 31 May 2012 in Nature. "[33], Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first to transfer the small yellow tomato to Europe after he captured the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City, in 1521. The usual pronunciations of tomato are /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ (usual in American English) and /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ (usual in British English). [29]:15, The Aztecs raised several varieties of tomato, with red tomatoes called xictomatl and green tomatoes called tomatl (Tomatillo). [50], Furthermore, breeders of modern tomato cultivars typically strive to produce tomato plants exhibiting improved yield, shelf life, size, and tolerance/resistance to various environmental pressures, including disease. Tomato cultivars vary widely in their resistance to disease. This technique encourages the plant to send roots deep to find existing moisture in soil that retains moisture, such as clayey soil. In a 100 gram amount, raw tomatoes supply 18 calories and are a moderate source of vitamin C (17% of the Daily Value), but otherwise are absent of significant nutrient content (table). The flowers are 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) across, yellow, with five pointed lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of three to 12 together. These hairs facilitate the vining process, turning into roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground and moisture, especially if the vine's connection to its original root has been damaged or severed. Solanum cerasiforme. Tomatoes serve, or are served by, a large variety of companion plants. [42][43], When Livingston began his attempts to develop the tomato as a commercial crop, his aim had been to grow tomatoes smooth in contour, uniform in size, and sweet in flavor. The C.M. (B) Tomato plant and inflorescence (red ring) showing zigzag growth (lower inset) and maturing fruits (upper inset). The rise of tomatoes as flexible ingredients in the European kitchen came on the back of deep suspicions that they were poisonous or at best of only ornamental value. Berries (tomatoes) edible when unripe or ripe and raw, cooked, or dried. Linkage drag describes the introduction of an undesired trait or allele into a plant during backcrossing. Pomidor malinowy Olbrzym - Solanum lycopersicum firmy W. Legutko Opakowanie oryginalne: 1 g. Additionally, both toxic and inedible varieties discouraged many people from attempting to consume or prepare any other varieties. Solanum lycopersicum; Solanum lycopersicum (sly) The '''tomato''' is the edible fruit of 'Solanum lycopersicum', commonly known as a '''tomato plant''', which belongs to the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The species originated in Central and South America. [citation needed], The wild ancestor of the tomato is native to western South America. Although tomatoes originated in the Americas, they have become extensively used in Mediterranean cuisine. It was grown from the 18th century onwards for the British. [42] Today, the crop is grown in every state in the Union. Cultivars come in bush-type (determinate), semi-determinate, and vining (indeterminate): bush-types are small and compact with a set amount of fruit production while vining plants grow several feet tall and produce fruit continuously until frost, with semi-determinate falling somewhere in-between. Various forms of mildew and blight are common tomato afflictions, which is why tomato cultivars are often marked with a combination of letters that refer to specific disease resistance. It is amenable to producing pharmaceuticals, particularly for oral delivery; for many of the same reasons, it is a … A very well known fruit, tomatoes are widely grown throughout the world. Space plants 18-24 in apart. [80], A massive "tomato tree" growing inside the Walt Disney World Resort's experimental greenhouses in Lake Buena Vista, Florida may have been the largest single tomato plant in the world. (A) Pepper plant showing single-flower inflorescence and mature fruit (inset). Solanum tuberosum: plants perennial, from tubers, without aromatic, glandular hairs, anthers dehiscing by terminal pores, and berry 2–4 cm in diameter (vs. S. lycopersicon, with plants annual, with aromatic, glandular hairs, anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits, and berry 2–10 cm in diameter). In that instance, the child made and consumed a "Pie" consisting of cedar wood chips, grass clippings, tomato leaves and various other items. Size of tomatoes (May 25). The u genetic mutation encodes a factor that produces defective chloroplasts with lower density in developing fruit, resulting in a lighter green colour of unripe fruit, and repression of sugars accumulation in the resulting ripe fruit by 10–15%. . [46] Research on processing tomatoes is also conducted by the California Tomato Research Institute in Escalon, California.[47]. [citation needed], Tomatoes being collected from the field, Maharashtra, India, In 2018, world production of tomatoes was 182 million tonnes, with China accounting for 34% of the total, followed by India, the United States, and Turkey as major producers (table). The ideal vibratory frequencies to release pollen grains are provided by an insect, such as a bumblebee, or the original wild halictid pollinator, capable of engaging in a behavior known as buzz pollination, which honey bees cannot perform. [10], The leaves are 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, odd pinnate, with five to nine leaflets on petioles,[11] each leaflet up to 8 cm (3 in) long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy. Native Introduced Native and Introduced. Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately). Ripe tomatoes contain significant umami flavor and they are a key ingredient in pizza, and are commonly used in pasta sauces. [30] The large, lumpy variety of tomato, a mutation from a smoother, smaller fruit, originated in Mesoamerica, and may be the direct ancestor of some modern cultivated tomatoes. 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