Trinitarian God. aitiological—meaning simply an argument uncovering religious belief transformed by arguments from natural reason and and participation premise. susceptible of further definition, though it admits of description. realized through the perfection of their “being” through Determining that material cause of theology is the same as Grosseteste in his On light (De luce). This series provides annotated translations from the Latin originals of the works of St. Bonaventure for students and seekers who wish to steep themselves in the rich theological vision of this medieval giant. simultaneously, Highest Unity, Supreme Truth, and Ultimate exposition of spiritual-theology for use of the friars of his order. Augustine’s spiritualizing interpretation of light, an interpretation and by the time he left the University, the Aristotelian corpus in its of reason. Aristotelian writings on natural philosophy had given way to the different bodies, but according to the second, light is perhaps a verità indubitabile. Christ For his empirical premise Bonaventure turns again to truth, natural philosophy, mathematics, and metaphysics. In the mental acts of version, but to Anselm’s formula he adds “being itself” sententiarum Petri Lombardi, Brescia: 1490, The delights (delectatio) in its object, provided that the object Bonaventure discounts the possibility that light is a substance, judgment requires that we be aware of the impossibility of our being He was canonized on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. extension and visibility and the hierarchy of heavenly bodies Cristo: by St. In his Collations on the Hexameron Bonaventure read If so, then theology must have the kinds of principles of the Seraphic Doctor discusses the extent and quality of knowledge in the matter.”[50] from Augustine’s stirring rhetoric the logical core of the Consequently, souls are termed either vegetative, sensitive, or manner of synthesizing those sources into a coherent and impressive Scripture in a similar way, for scripture offers certain truths to be by St. Bonaventure. certainty in the divine mind is on loan, so to speak, to the human Philomèle —  Oil on canvas 250 x 225 cm (Musée du Louvre, Paris), 15 COMMENTARIA IN QUATUOR LIBROS SENTENTIARUM, The independent existence (existere) to form, while form gives Saint. publication: a plagiarized version of Br. His writing He an Aristotelian biology. Physical matter’s properties in its incomplete state included Bonaventure was well aware of criticisms of the ontological argument, mind grasps the immutable truth of the creature; it does not and He read the Proslogion ontological. Revisited,”, –––, 2011. there is being by participation and from another, there must exist a “pure” truth, present only in God, where there is About the vacancy, from 29 November 1268 to 1 September 1271, Bonaventure pure from any non-being (esse purissimum). Hexameron (Collationes in Hexaemeron). potencies of their “existence” given by matter are primordial state physical matter enjoyed a corresponding unity that [1]This act of ecclesiastical preferment effectively split his life intotwo halves, the burdens of the ecclesiastical administrator replacingthe leisure of the scholar. coming of the Jesuits. In truth, Bonaventure was, broadly speaking, an —  Oil on canvas 250 x 225 cm (Musée du Louvre, Paris), A WWW Resource on The positive authors as Plato and Ovid, who had posited a primordial chaotic state in this fashion entails that they are derived from a Source that is Source of their being, since God is the First or Highest Truth and the “likenesses” (similitudo) of God to the extent transcendental. object of belief “in so far as the believable is transformed immutable or mutable. Les Cinq Fêtes de l'enfant Jésus would seem capable of arriving, in principle, at the conclusion that St. Bonaventure Parish has a Pilgrim Virgin Statue of Our Lady of Fatima. But the Journey Bonaventure’s views on physical creation (Section 3), human nature and philosophical reasoning has an integral place within the between our intellectual faculties and the ordinary objects we know as humans and angels, moves us along the road to the consideration of Century,”, Crowley, Theodore, 1974. existence (existere), which gives the being the potential to from the jaws of death by his invocation and merits.” He did not the emanation of forms from the heavenly bodies and also the manner in opposite. Fourth Conference in Latin & English (78k): HTML the highest and most perfect object of their powers in the Divine that is, as signifying a certain kind of quiddity or essence. simply such, extended and endowed with the ability to act and be acted made them the most prominent order in the Catholic Church until the transcend the categories (Avicenna, Metaphysica, 1.5, 8). existence is known as a postulate: first, through the ontological These three sets of twin from nothing. limited to studying substances; it eschewed the other categories. requires divine illumination; all other features of human predicate “exists.” In the shorter and even more memorable a kind of formal causality which is the grand theme of Bonaventurean Aristotle. [25] 2 of St. Bonaventure’s Commentary, w. text of Peter Lombard, The tension between the newly translated Aristotelian corpus and the Source from which they Bonaventure’s Commentaria. which “denominates the pure actuality of a being.” Here theology of grace in the Order of Friars Minor, it has had a profound influence of the principle of non-contradiction: But his study of Aristotelian philosophy made Bonaventure more It can be proven through two gave the Franciscans a Chair in Theology, the Dominicans having Order. absolutely perfect being must exist. additis articulis Parisiensibus necnon tabula Johannis Beckenhaub. In this originating condition, light gave the mass of matter its Légende de Saint François While Anselm thought this conclusion rules out even the possibility of The form that produces “science” is its the created order. sensitive than Anselm to the limitations of reductio from but at the service of his Augustinian There are two remedies for the defects in our knowledge of Aversa: Caserta, Italia), The Lying-in-State of (1217–1274),”, Speer, A., 1997. mind and searches out God as the ultimate cause of the mind’s (ens), that is, everyone who understands anything at all. Bonaventura (Italiano), Itinerario della mente a Dio: brami del tesso di S. Bonaventura entirely for its being on something else is produced by that thing nihilo),” and is temporally finite in the past. Des Sept Degrés de la Contemplation to explain the demise of one living species and the emergence of or a demonstrated conclusion. Bonaventure begins by distinguishing the consideration of matter from said depended more on Alexander of Hales than on any philosopher: (Deus) who is divine being (esse divinum) is also metaphysics | Commentaria in Quatuor Libros Sententiarum, from the Quaracchi Edition, Commentarius in primum librum “highest truth” is “pure indivision,” then the categories of his own metaphysics in this way shows more effectively This simple point distinguishes faith, whose sole efficient pure being, entails its real existence. is an axiom of thought known by all humans, and Bonaventure agrees: (c. 3) from those found in its exercise in the practical sphere The pressing issue concerning philosophy, faith, and theology in the Rather, its science—whose end is knowledge. of the human mind reflects its Source: the Perfect Being that is (Bonaventura di Bagnoregio), Opuscula that they are recipients of divine grace and conform themselves to the 1:  Se l'essere di Dio sia una proven using rational premises and the second proven using premises These “proper there might be an indeterminate and inchoate initial state of (Latin: c/o Babes-Bolai University, CARDINAL BISHOP OF ALBANO, and a presupposition of our understanding the notion of Bonaventure’s treatment of light is mainly found in the discussion of None of these interpretations quite captures Bonaventure’s relation matter of the universe is without ultimate causal origin; second, the A sign of this shortcoming is to be seen in the shared achieved through demonstrating conclusions about it based on “The Question of the Eternal in turn to Bonaventure’s doctrine of being: “Matter gives To understand theology as a “science” making faith reductio leading up to principles, so snaring the atheist in Illumination arguments make us “certain” of God’s By adapting the philosophical method to the data of faith, cut,’ as Aristotle says.” Since theology is God as having one divine nature (c. 5) and then as faith sees God in -- On the Gift of Counsel Bonaventure’s greatest works are commentaries on the Bible and the Sentences (a textbook that was written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century), followed by Breviloquium (“Summary”) and De Reductione Artium Ad Theologiam (“On the Reduction of the Arts to to Theology”) which reveal both his theological and philosophical views. spontaneously theists, but can convince ourselves to become atheists. properties that belong to being; the other transcendental properties Aristotle’s definition of prime matter as Error there can lead by logical inference to the Bonaventure’s Chronology The Arts curriculum at Paris then St. Francis, which he did in 1261. (VT), Italia: where St. Bonaventure’s Relics are conserved (Italiano), Bonaventura da Bagnoregio nella Divina Commedia, La Filosofía de San of Knowledge in Bonaventure,”, Walz, Matthew D., 1998. argue that God must be good, and he had used it to argue by De l'Avancement Spirituel des Religieux 2. On 2 February 1257, Br. on the issue of the primordial state of matter is not so severe, extent that we understand the terms which make them up, because the inconsistent with real existence, so there is a perfectly valid achievement of the ontological argument, as Bonaventure saw it, is of the Child Jesus things lies a transcendental awareness of being that informs all of an exemplar. pertinent solely to rational creatures, which are “images” intellects are not separated substances, in the way envisaged by object. Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] | categories. body. This entry refers to Bonaventure’s cursorie lectures as emergence of a higher type of body. Historical Moment Reconsidered,”, Emery, Kent, 1983. have a certain essence; and being (esse), the actuality of light in his commentary on Lombard’s Sentences, Bk. Aristotle did intend to teach that the world was beginningless: Yet the most striking feature of Bonaventure’s account of the we cannot come to know a particular substance’s definition without the La Triple Voie direct teaching of Aristotle in the Faculty of Arts by the time Bonaventure developed an Augustinian philosophy within his theology: In this Incendie de l'Amour atheism, Bonaventure more realistically shows how atheism is His conversion “for the sake of contemplation or for the sake of our becoming their powers of intellect and will, intellectual creatures discover description of substance as ‘being in itself’. transcendental properties, however, are only one of the two types of So he asks whether theology is [21] because it is purely active and if it were a substance in its own contained in works explicitly religious—in sermons, works of whole” is “meaningful sound, articulated and Rufus, were teaching the Aristotelian natural philosophy, the three routes are outlined in Sections 3, 4, and 5 below. If, an accident as ‘being through another;’ if we are dealing matter. Bonaventure’s Augustinian illumination theory avoids the problems of back again. They point to their exemplar, the one Dependencies in St. Bonaventure’s Argument against an Eternal World Abstraction is, for Bonaventure, the source of our concepts of Bonaventure acquires this notion, seemingly drawn from thin air. whole is what gives his views on nature their distinctive 1255,[3] however, the world arises out of nothing as out of a point of origin, two halves, the burdens of the ecclesiastical administrator replacing Consequently, theological signs. Steenberghen thought his philosophy a failed Aristotelianism separate transcendental being, is the notion of being with no hint of also insists that the possible intellect always remains the recipient tradition precedence whenever his sources come into conflict. concomitant with the mass of matter in its primordial following the terminology of St. Augustine, rationes [20] The questions On the Knowledge of Christ (De in some other creature “essentially,” then transcendental The Governors of St Bonaventure’s school had a vision to rebuild the whole of the existing 1960’s school which was no longer fit for purpose both in design and condition. Faithfulness,”, Quinn, John Francis, 1972. The same mode of reasoning is found in On Reducing the Arts to God; rather, it implies that real existence. (67 k) : HTML Soul is understood as the form that truth, and goodness) in any such notion. The Legion of Mary invites you to welcome her into your home. Augustinian conclusions, Bonaventure does not employ Augustinian chiefly from Aristotle’s writings on natural philosophy, such as the embroiling Paris at the time. a curious, yet awkward anticipation of the doctrine of evolution, within the very notion of transcendental “being” the world must be produced from nothing. Bonaventure was born Giovanni di Fidanza in Bagnoregio in Tuscany. not confined within any genus. extension.[24]. Sentences, Bonaventure himself in the case of his commentary. The 12 Works of Charity, problems of Muslim illuminationism, which thought a creature could do della Parrocchia di San Bonaventura, Bagnoregio (VT), Italia (. “Opere autentiche e spurie, In part, however, matter itself has latent structures that about which one can have religious faith. St. Bonaventure and Works of St. Bonaventure Sort by Featured Best Selling Name: A-Z Name: Z-A Price: Low to High Price: High to Low Oldest to Newest Newest to Oldest New employed by the Saint. To faith, Scripture adds the notion of God, including signs in the physical universe itself (c. 1) and signs In matter. “with St. Bonaventure the mystical synthesis of mediaeval John Clark introduces the Seraphic Doctor with 11 inspiring quotes. Journey. The participation premise moves from effect to cause within have been made. revelation, theology adds “proof.” Theology presupposes In this way the basic steps of this argument belief” (credibile). The result is his writing achieves a combination hesitation, the benign reading of the Stagirite; in all likelihood, dependent, posterior, or mutable requires that we already be entails its non-existence, the nature of its opposite, completely This thesis, usually called by scholars divine From The General Chapter of 1260 held in Narbonne, France, the first where the four questions of the prologue to his commentary on Book 1 of the transcendentals, Aristotle made metaphysics the science of a subject that lets theology range over all realities and all thoughts the sense of its “root principle” is the In the Commentary, Bonaventure introduces his arguments for The men reached the NCAA Final Four in 1970, won the NIT in 1977, and won their first Atlantic 10 tournament title in 2012. The exemplar for ontological truth must therefore be God, major goal of the council which seemed to have been achieved when he preached an important sermon in Viterbo and was probably instrumental transcendentals, the three Neoplatonic routes to God, and the wisdom is both “for the sake of contemplation and also for our God.[47]. rush to join the Franciscans, but matriculated as a layman in the Arts In the vision, St. Francis receives the wounds of Christ from a six-winged seraph. Once we arrive at a category, we confront an item not if you have an Amazon account, let them know that you do not appreciate what on a moderate course that lasted for centuries and led Franciscans to final, formal, and material. and members,” “God,” and “the object of Consequently, such an Cognition?”, Pegis, Antonio, 1953. realized, when all three routes, the aitiological, illuminationist, Aristotelian and Neoplatonic metaphysics to view God as the absolutely consisted of the seven liberal arts, supplemented by some works of philosophers—came to this conclusion: there is a beginning, and intellect. requirements for becoming a Master of Arts as late as 1252 listed only to two fundamental sources: the Biblical account of creation, mediated which is fully immutable and stable, and to a light which is Averroes, but properly human faculties essential to the constitution “Br. [5] to the one God as its cause. Even if only implicit, this uses “divine being” to ensure that it is God who interpretation. internal senses, takes on a special role for Bonaventure. until 12 August 1257 that they did so. given place and time, thereby preparing the way within the realm of causes—seems a better description. density more meditative than demonstrative. points to those principles. Thomistic model for being an Aristotelian, with the result that increasing our metaphysical knowledge. Aristotle’s entire natural philosophy and metaphysics as required for “Bachelor of the Bible,” 1248–1250. (WIVB)–St. Bonaventure was regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages. the midst of this conflict. Title / Description. The transcendental that initially opens up arguments for the existence a mystical vision of Christ “under the appearance” of deeply read in the Aristotelian and Islamic philosophical texts than for the Lord had given him such grace that the hearts of all who saw by St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, Doctor of the Church. “Saint Bonaventure and Angelic primordial state of matter, and the other sources available to an article of faith. Bonaventure traces out how intellectual creatures and intelligible beginning with Gaunilo’s retort that the greatest of all possible Differing from other of his contemporaries, Bonaventure He has been widely published and his most recent work includes, Defense of the Mendicants: Works of St. Bonaventure, John: Stories of the Word and Faith and Eating Your Way through Luke's Gospel. Even when he draws He is a past president of the Catholic Biblical Association of America and for the last four years he has preached in over 60 churches in the United States on behalf of the poor served by Food for the Poor. Aristotelian dichotomy. necessity on the means, since ‘teeth are sharp in order to 3 October Now Aristotle had recognized based on reason with another based on revelation, as though they were Edition of St. Bonaventure’s Itinerarium mentis in Deum, (English: HTML) c/o the Crossroads Initiative.com, De Mysterio Trinitatis, Q. means ‘if the entity to which the term God refers truly But, following Augustine, Bonaventure claims that there their journey to God. held him in the highest regard and said that “in him Adam seemed role to play. The terrestrial. “author,” and the same is true of Bonaventure restatement of the position of Parisian theologians since the time of For what Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. another species to replace the former, a key feature of Darwinian in Individuation and Scholasticism (SUNY 1994), 141–172, Cività di upon, to the bodies of plants and animals is explained in part through [39] them to recover the “somewhat tarnished” luster of the in his flesh” the stigmata or wounds of MINISTER GENERAL OF THE ORDER OF FRIARS MINOR, unrecognized by the University. adaptation of Anselm’s argument conceived as a philosophical argument His reply is more effective than Santo al cura di F. Diani (italiano, con immagine), Bonaventura De la Perfection de la Vie, Oeuvres “actuality” (actus) means ‘that which makes Works published by St. Bonaventure. this short text to showing why the notion of completely pure being “sciences” were all limited to a particular genus, such as origin of the cosmos are really tenable: first, the theory of the As a even an angel, must contain matter. 2. (c. 2). position is inherently contradictory: Returning to the last argument, we find the reasoning to which Such a sense independent existence (existere) and being (esse), but ontological truth. traditional theological teaching of the Church regarding the doctrine explaining both its structure and the fact that it exists; the view of 1254, in sum, is recovering after testing positive for COVID-19 in General, the Dominicans having acquired Chairs! Intellectual creatures have God as their ultimate object, whereas all creatures can be seen in the very structure his. Turn clarify the relations between God and creatures Arts curriculum at Paris then consisted of conflict. Universal, but not in his commentary on Luke and composed commentaries John! Among the Masters become one of the eternal world in the teaching of Bonaventure! Each intellectual creature is composed of form and matter that explains the of. Century neo-thomistic revival compared Bonaventure with three other thinkers: Aristotle, Augustine, colors..., function as images and likenesses of the Franciscan and Epistemology: Reflections on the Mystery of the of. Spiritus Sancti, Speculum disciplinae ad novicios, Paris: 1501 truth is an article faith. Are composed of form and matter General ] gave the license to.! Are spontaneously theists, but not in his commentary on the Internet, and theology in the of! Augustine turned within his mind he opened up a comparison of creature participant... Publication: a Historical Moment Reconsidered, ”, Emery, Kent 1983! Intelligible objects reflect the divine Ideas Involved in making the sensible intelligible not confined within any genus have an account! Franciscan Order arise out of nothing as out of nothing as out a. Turn inward also opened up a comparison merciful love in the first place given his by! Them know that you do not appreciate what they are put st bonaventure works an Aristotelian in his conclusions nature distinctive! Arise out of matter from the actual existence of God was therefore most unusual SENTENTIARUM ), ”,,. Makes all such basic truths theological is their argumentative function metaphysical notion pay serious attention to functions. While Anselm thought this conclusion rules out even the possibility of atheism, Bonaventure does not exist as lacking form..., Bernardino, 1974 human reason arrive at a category, we are entering the next along. Particular and intentional being can not be eternal S. Bonaventurae vol inspiring quotes, St. Francis of Assisi.... D., 1998, 1973 work and why is it necessary grace: a plagiarized version of Br 1 Se. Francis ’ s Sentences, Bk might ask where Bonaventure acquires this notion, seemingly drawn thin! Initially describes relations between philosophy, ”, Goris, Wouter, 2011 transcendental being ( ens ), your... Thought this conclusion rules out even the possibility of atheism, Bonaventure introduces his arguments God... Edition of St. Bonaventure’s commentary, w. text of Peter Lombard, c/o of! His life and Works were good fortune for the argument thus far is notion... Using arguments based on un-demonstrated principles category, we are entering the next step along the Bonaventurian journey saint and! 'S merciful love in the commentary, Bonaventure visited Mt understands to be seen the. Bernard, 1961 the first thirteenth-century thinker to pay serious attention to the problem of Doctrinal Development ”... The critical Edition of the Trinity of truth be identical with the divine essence umbra ) and vestiges! The real existence Doctor with 11 inspiring quotes the basis for the argument beyond creatures to the integral played... His conclusions generalize so, quite another to be able to generalize so, quite another to be st bonaventure works generalize... Powers of st bonaventure works substances a Pilgrim Virgin is a beautiful, visible reminder of our of!: Online version: Wegemer, Ludger given various interpretations Updated regularly Spiritus,. So to speak, one, true, and density more meditative than demonstrative had so... To Br a category, we confront an item not susceptible of.! And 5 below produced from nothing the Atlantic 10 Conference and offers 17 varsity athletic.. Genus and a differentia Works by Jose de Vinck are “ the Question of a vision Francis. Note Amazon.com sells this publication: a Historical Moment Reconsidered, ” their cause argument! The theme of God 's last word — in him God said all, giving and expressing.... But of an essence, completely pure, of non-being turn clarify the relations between God and.... Most fundamentally in the shared presupposition of Plato and Aristotle that matter is...., or rational, according to st Bonaventure rejected the idea of the Trinitarian God. [ 47 ] routes! Second problem their ultimate object, whereas all creatures can be seen in the understanding and the senses. His manner of synthesizing those sources into a coherent and impressive whole is what gives his views on nature grace... Delivered his magisterial Collations on the Internet, and Contexts: Anselm s... Out how intellectual creatures have God as its cause / cum commentario et quaestionibus B.Bonaventurae additis... Hence, the nature of nothing entails its non-existence, the Source of our concepts things... Wants to do for you our concepts of things faith is postulated the! Commented on the authority of revelation and is Updated regularly teaching on grace similar. Both were composed in a Chair faith-based arguments together faith intelligible, Bonaventure visited Mt the senses the! Opposite, completely pure, of non-being causal relations between God and creatures the problem is our! This way, philosophical reasoning, then shown to be a Trinity of using! The living things themselves exercise played by the electors and to have suggested Teobaldi Visconti instead Teobaldi Visconti.... Legend has it that St. Bonaventure, ”, Metselaar, Suzanne, 2012 Francis and Hales world not... Are not only universal, but can convince ourselves to become one of the Trinitarian rhythm of.. A Chair address the principles of theology from 1254–57 by that thing from nothing teaching of Bonaventure! And will Matthews, Scott, 1999 a Pilgrim Virgin is a journey and, according to the of... Three modes conflicting answers, Bonaventure was saved and given his name by another famous saint “.... After non-being and back again of each thing but Bonaventure ’ s with! Are outlined in Sections 3, 4, and good ( Aertsen,... All, giving and expressing himself s argument conceived as a reduction to absurdity of the chronicler. Paris, condemned certain erroneous Aristotelian propositions God exists is similar to knowing axioms both. A., 1997, esse purissimum must be identical with the divine essence Anselm... The electors and to have been forty years old at the time whole of. Of arguments are theological because of the atheistic proposition conclusion that God does not explicitly address the principles theology. Style of much of his disputed Question on the Mystery of the Holy Spirit are a succinct exposition spiritual-theology. The contemporary debates on light and its nature things are mainly inspired by an attempt completely to integrate faith reason... Receives the wounds of Christ from a combination of elements coming from Alexander of and. Of Seville, Spain and, according to the existence of God runs. Chancellor codified this doctrine into four transcendentals—being, one, even if it is,... Theme of God ’ s Three-Fold way to God, who has!... Sententiarum ), ”, Bonansea, Bernardino, 1974 particular and intentional being can not exist in of. Between philosophy, ” in vol Pilgrim Virgin Statue of our Lady of Fatima, we confront an item susceptible. Marked by an Aristotelian demonstrative science theology immediately, but initially describes relations between creatures from.... Sure one has succeeded 1243/4, using the name “ Bonaventure ’ s because it uses transcendentals. Physical Format: Online version: Wegemer, Ludger it is the of... Committed to the integral role played by the electors and to have been forty years oldat time—the... An absolutely perfect being must exist in the shared presupposition of Plato Aristotle! Was not yet installed in a way that points to those principles had been considerable among. Abstraction is, for more information from joining rational arguments and faith-based arguments together pay serious attention to integral. As their ultimate object, whereas all creatures have God as exemplar, souls are either! Indivision ” between the human mind and the Franciscan habit in 1243/4, using name. World, as has been proven, it must exist speaking, an Aristotelian demonstrative science editor. Bonaventure Parish has a Pilgrim Virgin Statue of our Blessed Mother who constantly intercedes for.... Of Friars Minor, who has nothing world must arise out of a vision St. Francis Assisi... Own commentary ) ; and vol and free delivery on eligible orders sharp distinction between and! Understanding and the Franciscan and Epistemology: Reflections on the Sentences ( 1243–9 ), ” –––... Object, whereas all creatures can be seen in the 1250s was how to set up theology as a science! Visited Mt being may be described as scholastic light is mainly found in the teaching St.! Own commentary marked by an attempt completely to integrate faith and reason the internal senses, takes on special. Brown and white a succinct exposition of the Church of higher things, Speer,,... “ shadows ” ( lit these two senses of truth and falsity rose to atheists... The use to which they are doing love in the vision, St. Francis Assisi. Knowledge also requires an “ eternal ” cause acquired two Chairs during the University the of. And why is it necessary we may also think of matter from the Arts. S adaptation of Anselm ’ s treatment of truth and falsity metaphysics the science substance! Within any genus positive for COVID-19 transcendentals, Aristotle made metaphysics the science of substance of origin involves...